How deep can forest vegetation cover extend their hydrological reinforcing contribution?          下载免费PDF全文

Elyas Hayati  Ehsan Abdi  Mohsen Mohseni Saravi  John L. Nieber  Baris Majnounian  Giovanni B. Chirico 《水文研究》2018,32(16):2570-2583

An experimental campaign was set up to quantify the contribution of evapotranspiration fluxes on hillslope hydrology and stability for different forest vegetation cover types. Three adjacent hillslopes, respectively, covered by hardwood, softwood, and grass were instrumented with nine access tubes each to monitor soil water dynamics at the three depths of 30, 60, and 100 cm, using a PR2/6 profile probe (Delta‐T Devices Ltd) for about 6 months including wet periods. Soil was drier under softwood and wetter under grass at all the three depths during most of the monitoring period. Matric suction derived via the soil moisture measurements was more responsive to changes in the atmospheric conditions and also recovered faster at the 30 cm depth. Results showed no significant differences between mean matric suction under hardwood (101.6 kPa) with that under either softwood or grass cover. However, a significant difference was found between mean matric suction under softwood (137.5 kPa) and grass (84.3 kPa). Results revealed that, during the wettest period, the hydrological effects from all three vegetation covers were substantial at the 30 cm depth, whereas the contribution from grass cover at 60 cm (2.0 kPa) and 100 cm (1.1 kPa) depths and from hardwood trees at 100 cm depth (1.2 kPa) was negligible. It is surmised that potential instability would have occurred at these larger depths along hillslopes where shallow hillslope failures are most likely to occur in the region. The hydrological effects from softwood trees, 8.1 and 3.9 kPa, were significant as the corresponding factor of safety values showed stable conditions at both depths of 60 and 100 cm, respectively. Therefore, the considerable hydrological reinforcing effects from softwood trees to the 100 cm depth suggest that a hillslope stability analysis would show that hillslopes with softwood trees will be stable even during the wet season.  相似文献   

Stratification response of soil water content during rainfall events under different rainfall patterns   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Yinglan A  Guoqiang Wang  Wenchao Sun  Baolin Xue  Anthony Kiem 《水文研究》2018,32(20):3128-3139

Many researchers have studied the influence of rainfall patterns on soil water movement processes using rainfall simulation experiments. However, less attention has been paid to the influence under natural condition. In this paper, rainfall, soil water content (SWC), and soil temperature at 10‐, 20‐, 30‐, 40‐, and 50‐cm depths were simultaneously monitored at 1‐min intervals to measure the variation in SWC (SWCv) in response to rainfall under different rainfall patterns. First, we classified rainfall events into four patterns. During the study period, the main pattern was the advanced rainfall pattern (38% of all rainfall events), whereas the delayed, central, and uniform rainfall patterns had similar frequencies of about 20%. During natural rainfall, rainwater rapidly passed through the top soil layers (10–40 cm) and was accumulated in the bottom layer (50 cm). When a high rainfall pulse occurred, the water storage balance was disturbed, resulting in the drainage of initial soil water from the top layers into the deeper layers. Therefore, the critical function of the top layers and the bottom layers was infiltration and storage, respectively. The source of water stored in the bottom layer was not only rainfall but also the initial soil water in the upper soil layers. Changes in soil temperature at each soil depth were comonitored with SWCv to determine the movement characteristics of soil water under different rainfall patterns. Under the delayed rainfall pattern, preferential flows preferred to occur. Under the other rainfall patterns, matrix flow was the main form of soil water movement. Rainfall amount was a better indicator than rainfall intensity for SWCv in the bottom layer under the delayed rainfall pattern. These results provide insights into the responses of SWCv under different rainfall patterns in northern China.  相似文献   

内蒙古鲁新井田水文地质条件研究          下载免费PDF全文

赵志强  安美艳  高奎锋  王兆亮  王福芝 《山东国土资源》2018,34(6)

矿产资源开发导致了地下水失衡,地下水失衡又给矿产开发造成了极大的安全隐患,近年来,矿产资源开发与地下水环境保护之间的矛盾愈发凸显。通过对内蒙古鲁新井田典型的水文地质条件进行分析研究,分析采矿导致地下水失衡机理,深入剖析矿井开采充水条件及矿山开发对地下水环境的影响,合理提出了促进矿产开发与地下水保护相互协调的对策建议,为实现"采矿保水"协调统一提供了基础地质依据。为类似地区矿产开发过程中遵循自然规律,趋利避害,保障生产安全,保护地下水环境安全,实现资源绿色开发有较好的指导借鉴作用。  相似文献   

国家安全发展示范城市建设的震灾预防对策研究     

申文庄  贾启超  李峰 《震灾防御技术》2018,13(4):997-1002

我国地震多、强度大、分布广，强地震的现实危害和潜在威胁是我国城市安全发展所面临的重大挑战。国内外城市地震灾害惨痛经验表明，震灾预防能力建设不足的城市往往在强震中毁于一旦。实现我国城市安全可持续发展，必须高度重视和持续推进城市震灾预防能力建设，切实防控和消除地震灾害风险。本文在深入分析城市地震灾害影响因素的基础上，从震灾预防能力建设、城市地震灾害风险防控工作、法规及技术标准和评价体系等方面入手，提出了进一步加强城市震灾预防能力建设的对策建议。  相似文献   

A Pilot‐Scale Diatomite Membrane Bioreactor for Slightly Polluted Surface Water Treatment          下载免费PDF全文

Wen Sun  Cuimei Li  Bingzhi Dong  Huaqiang Chu 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2018,46(9)

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港湾中海啸流的模拟及其时空演变特征对输入条件不确定性的响应分析          下载免费PDF全文

王培涛  闪迪  侯京明  王岗  高义  任智源  范婷婷  王宗辰  王君成 《地球物理学报》2018,61(4):1325-1340

一直以来，海啸波特征作为表征海啸潜在破坏性的参数指标得到了广泛应用，特别是针对近场极端海啸事件造成的灾害来说，这种表征具有较好的适用性.然而总结分析历史海啸事件造成的损失发现：在远场近岸及港湾系统中，海啸诱导的强流却是造成损失的主要原因.陆架或港湾振荡导致海啸波幅快速升降诱发强流，可能促使港工设施受到威胁及损害，进而对海啸预警服务及海事应急管理提出了新的挑战.因此，全面理解与评估海啸在港湾中诱发的灾害特征，探索港湾中海啸流的数值模拟方法，发展针对港湾尺度的海啸预警服务指导产品尤为迫切.受限于海啸流验证数据的缺乏及准确模拟海啸流技术方法的诸多不确定性，大部分海啸数值模拟研究工作主要是针对水位特征的研究及验证，可能导致对港湾中海啸灾害危险性认识的曲解与低估.本研究基于非线性浅水方程，针对夏威夷群岛三个典型港湾建立了精细化海啸数值模型（空间分辨率达到10 m），并联合有限断层破裂模型计算分析了日本东北地震海啸在三个港湾及其邻近区域的海啸特征，波、流计算结果与实测结果吻合较好，精细化的海啸港湾模型模拟结果可信.模拟发现港湾中较小的波幅，同样可以产生强流.综合分析日本东北地震海啸波、流特征对输入条件不确定性的响应结果发现：港湾中海啸波-流能量的空间分布特征差异较大，这与港湾系统中海啸波的驻波特性相关；相比海啸波幅空间特征，海啸流特征具有更强的空间敏感性；海啸流时空分布特征对输入条件的不确定性响应比海啸波幅对这些不确定性的响应更强，海啸流的模拟与预报更有挑战性；不确定性对海啸流计算精度的影响会进一步传导放大港湾海啸流危险性的评估及对港工设施产生的应力作用的误差，合理的输入条件对海啸流的精确模拟至关重要.最后，希望通过本文的研究可以从海啸波-流特征角度更加全面认识近岸海啸灾害特征，拓展海啸预警服务的广度与深度，从而为灾害应急管理部门提供更加科学合理的辅助决策产品.  相似文献   

Consistency of precipitation products over the Arabian Peninsula and interactions with soil moisture and water storage     

Youssef Wehbe  Marouane Temimi  Dawit T. Ghebreyesus  Adam Milewski  Hamid Norouzi  Elsy Ibrahim 《水文科学杂志》2018,63(3):408-425

The regional-scale consistency between four precipitation products from the GPCC, TRMM, WM, and CMORPH datasets over the Arabian Peninsula was assessed. Their macroscale relationships were inter-compared with soil moisture and total water storage (TWS) estimates from AMSR-E and GRACE. The consistency analysis was studied with multivariate statistical hypothesis testing and Pearson correlation metrics for the period from January 2000 to December 2010. The products and GRACE estimates were assessed over a representative sub-domain (United Arab Emirates) with available in situ well observations. Next, geographically temporally weighted regression (GTWR) was employed to examine the interdependencies among the peninsula’s hydrological components. The results showed GPCC-TRMM recording the highest correlation (0.85) with insignificant mean differences over more than 90% of the peninsula. The highest GTWR predictive performance of TWS (R² = 0.84) was achieved with TRMM forcing, which indicates its potential to monitor changes in TWS over the arid peninsular region.  相似文献   

多年冻土区青藏铁路列车荷载作用下路基振动响应研究          下载免费PDF全文

董连成  徐禛  师黎静  胡新福  高德领 《地震工程学报》2018,40(6):1153-1160

针对多年冻土区青藏铁路列车荷载振动作用下的动稳定性,通过对北麓河和二道沟三个典型铁路路基横断面振动响应的二分量加速度观测,对比分析客运列车和货运列车引起的路基振动特性和衰减规律,研究不同防护形式路基的列车振动响应。结果表明,路基上的振动作用主要集中在40～80Hz频率范围内;防护形式对路基的列车动力响应有明显影响,热棒加碎石路基动力响应最小,其次为碎石防护路基,未采取任何防护的路基铁轨上的动力响应最大,建议对未采取防护的路基进行防护。分析结论为青藏铁路列车作用下的路基动稳定性评估提供实测依据,对多年冻土区的路基稳定性研究提供参考。  相似文献   

Evaluation of snow water equivalent datasets over the Saint‐Maurice river basin region of southern Québec          下载免费PDF全文

Ross Brown  Dominique Tapsoba  Chris Derksen 《水文研究》2018,32(17):2748-2764

A 10‐km gridded snow water equivalent (SWE) dataset is developed over the Saint‐Maurice River basin region in southern Québec from kriging of observed snow survey data for evaluation of SWE products. The gridded SWE dataset covers 1980–2014 and is based on manual gravimetric snow surveys carried out on February 1, March 1, March 15, April 1, and April 15 of each snow season, which captures the annual maximum SWE (SWEM) with a mean interpolation error of ±19%. The dataset is used to evaluate SWEM from a range of sources including satellite retrievals, reanalyses, Canadian regional climate models, and the Canadian Meteorological Centre operational snow depth analysis. We also evaluate a number of solid precipitation datasets to determine their contribution to systematic errors in estimated SWEM. None of the evaluated datasets is able to provide estimates of SWEM that are within operational requirements of ±15% error, and insufficient solid precipitation is determined to be one of the main reasons. The Climate System Forecast Reanalysis is the only dataset where snowfall is sufficiently large to generate SWEM values comparable to observations. Inconsistencies in precipitation are also found to have a strong impact on year‐to‐year variability in SWEM dataset performance and spread. Version 3.6.1 of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme land surface scheme driven with ERA‐Interim output downscaled by Version 5.0.1 of the Canadian Regional Climate Model was the best physically based model at explaining the observed spatial and temporal variability in SWEM (root‐mean‐square error [RMSE] = 33%) and has potential for lower error with adjusted precipitation. Operational snow products relying on the real‐time snow depth observing network performed poorly due to a lack of real‐time data and the strong local scale variability of point snow depth observations. The results underscore the need for more effort to be invested in improving solid precipitation estimates for use in snow hydrology applications.  相似文献   

底泥就地稳定化中零价铁(Fe⁰)对有机污染物的作用及其对上覆水体水质的影响     

章萍  相明雪  马若男  刘强  葛刚  钱光人 《湖泊科学》2018,30(5):1218-1224

在实验室模拟静态湖泊体系条件下,通过向实际底泥中投加零价铁(Fe~0),考察反应前后底泥中有机物数量、种类、总有机质含量以及上覆水体溶解氧(DO)浓度、氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH和化学需氧量(CODCr)浓度等指标的变化,探讨Fe~0对底泥有机物的降解效果以及对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,投加Fe~0处理80 d后,(1)经GC-MS检测出底泥中易被降解的小分子有机物(分子量小于200)数量明显增多,底泥总有机去除率为44%.(2)上覆水体的DO浓度、Eh和pH都有不同程度的变化.DO浓度从6.6 mg/L迅速下降至0.2 mg/L,Eh从150 mV左右下降至74 mV,pH升高至8.4,此体系易形成厌氧环境;且上覆水体中CODCr低于纯底泥-水体系,上覆水中DO浓度、Eh及pH与CODCr浓度具有一定相关性.综上,底泥中投加Fe~0可有效降解有机物,且不会对上覆水体产生持久、较大的影响.  相似文献